What?? 聽說小時了了的人類不只了了，還會為了融入群體而藏一手？

這篇截自Scientific American 的有趣小文說人類其實從很小的時候，就懂得「打交道」的藝術了？？頗酷，來看看吧！

網址/Resource：http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/conformity-starts-young/

Conformity Starts Young

Feb 12, 2015 |By Bret Stetka

Nobody likes a show-off. So someone with a singular skill will often hide that fact to fit in with a group. A recent study reported for the first time that this behavior begins as early as two years old.

沒人喜歡愛現的人，因此有些有著特殊天賦的人常常會「藏一手」以融入群體（所謂鶴不想立雞群？）最近有份研究顯示，其實這行為最早可追溯至兩歲。

In the study, led by a team at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and published in Psychological Science, two-year-old children, chimpanzees（黑猩猩） and orangutans（猩猩） dropped a ball into a box divided into three sections, one of which consistently （持續地）resulted in a reward (chocolate for the children; a peanut for the apes). After the participants figured out how to get the treat on the first try, they watched as untrained peers did the same activity but without any reward. Then the roles were flipped, and the participants took another turn while being watched by the others. More than half the time the children mimicked （模仿）their novice peers（新手同伴們） and dropped the ball into the sections that did not produce chocolate. The apes, on the other hand, stuck to their prizewinning behaviors（持續丟球以贏得獎勵）. The children did not simply forget the right answer—if no one watched them, they were far less likely to abandon the winning choice.

上面在描述此研究所進行的實驗，分成「人類小孩組」與「猩猩小孩組」。實驗進行的第一輪，兩組都要完成一份任務，那就是要把球丟進三個箱子中，而其中一個箱子會有獎賞（人類小孩組的獎賞是巧克力，猩猩小孩組的則是香蕉）在第二輪時，這些已掌握如何丟球進箱子已獲得獎賞的人類小孩與猩猩小孩們會觀賞另一組同樣的實驗對象，但不同的是他們無論怎麼丟都不會有獎賞。之後原先那輪知道丟哪個箱子會有獎賞的人類小孩們在進行第三輪時，旁邊有第二輪的實驗對象觀看壓力下，他們居然會故意丟錯，但猩猩小孩們就沒有出現這樣「藏一手」的行為。（hmm...人類真的有點點點聰明 ？？）

The results suggest that the human desire to conform（遵從規範、群體等） is inborn or at least develops at a very young age. This urge to conform probably evolved to be stronger than that of our ape cousins because group harmony was extremely important in growing hominin （人類，學名 Homo）communities（群體 ;社區） dependent on the exchange of cultural information, according to the authors...

此結果顯示人們對於融入群體的慾望是天生的，或者至少從很小的時候就開始發展了。也許「群體和諧」對於仰賴文化、資訊交流的人類是極為重要滴～才因此有這樣子與表親猩猩們不同的行為表現吧。

嗯，這種「藏一手」的行為在此篇文章中，看似偏重在社會學與演化的觀點，但個人認為其實也與文化脫離不了關係呢！筆者文疏學淺就不再多做剖側了～下回見囉